The Gerontologist · 2026
Broad-based categorical eligibility and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program reach among low-income older adults.
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Kim Huiyun, Chen Ruijia, Kim Min Hee
Аннотация
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Broad-Based Categorical Eligibility (BBCE) is a state-level Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) policy option that expands income and asset eligibility. Understanding its effects on SNAP participation among low-income older adults is important for evaluating how eligibility expansions influence access to nutrition assistance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We combined SNAP Quality Control administrative data with Census population-based survey data from 1996 to 2020 to estimate SNAP reach among low-income older adults across states. Leveraging the staggered timing of BBCE adoption, we estimated its impact using a staggered difference-in-differences design.
RESULTS: BBCE adoption increased SNAP reach among low-income older adults by 7.1 percentage points (95% CI: 5.3-8.8), corresponding to approximately 2.1 million additional participants. Dynamic estimates indicated that BBCE effects emerged gradually following adoption, with larger estimated effects observed in later post-adoption periods. Observed trends exhibited lower relative cross-state variation in SNAP reach than would be expected without BBCE adoption, suggesting that BBCE moderated the widening of geographic disparities, although substantial cross-state heterogeneity remained.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Expanding SNAP eligibility through BBCE may improve access to nutrition assistance among low-income older adults. However, persistent geographic variation in SNAP reach suggests that reducing disparities may require not only expanded eligibility but also state-level administrative and institutional supports that facilitate enrollment.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We combined SNAP Quality Control administrative data with Census population-based survey data from 1996 to 2020 to estimate SNAP reach among low-income older adults across states. Leveraging the staggered timing of BBCE adoption, we estimated its impact using a staggered difference-in-differences design.
RESULTS: BBCE adoption increased SNAP reach among low-income older adults by 7.1 percentage points (95% CI: 5.3-8.8), corresponding to approximately 2.1 million additional participants. Dynamic estimates indicated that BBCE effects emerged gradually following adoption, with larger estimated effects observed in later post-adoption periods. Observed trends exhibited lower relative cross-state variation in SNAP reach than would be expected without BBCE adoption, suggesting that BBCE moderated the widening of geographic disparities, although substantial cross-state heterogeneity remained.
DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Expanding SNAP eligibility through BBCE may improve access to nutrition assistance among low-income older adults. However, persistent geographic variation in SNAP reach suggests that reducing disparities may require not only expanded eligibility but also state-level administrative and institutional supports that facilitate enrollment.