The dynamic association between family functioning and externalizing problems in adolescents from low-income families: a latent change score model study.

Based on family systems theory, this study examines the longitudinal dynamic relationship between family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families. Using the Adolescent Family Growth and Recovery Assessment (APGRA) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), 468 adolescents from low-income families were tracked four times over a 2-years period, and the data were analyzed using a latent class scalar model (LCSM). The results showed that: (1) family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families were significantly negatively correlated; family functioning declined significantly over time (μXS = -10.45, p < 0.01), while externalizing problems increased significantly over time (μγS = 9.90, p < 0.05); (2) changes in family functioning and externalizing problems exhibited a bidirectional negative temporal association: levels of externalizing problems positively predicted subsequent changes in family functioning (γXγ = 0.45, p < 0.001), changes in externalizing problems negatively predicted changes in family functioning (ξXγ = -0.37, p < 0.01), and changes in family functioning negatively predicted changes in externalizing problems (ξγX = -0.46, p < 0.01), supporting the reciprocal effects model. In summary, there is a reciprocal dynamic relationship between family functioning and externalizing problems among adolescents from low-income families. This study provides longitudinal empirical evidence for the prevention and intervention of problem behaviors in this population.