Ecotoxicology and environmental safety · 2025
Serum α-Klotho mediates the association between blood toluene and BUN: A cross-sectional study from NHANES 2013-2016.
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Tian Zhu, Guo Cheng, Zhang Xiaorui, Liu Kai, Xie Juan
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Toluene is a common volatile organic compound (VOC) that usually enters the body through breathing or skin absorption. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a by-product of protein metabolism and is commonly used as an indicator to assess renal function. α-Klotho protein is detected mainly in the kidney and has antioxidant, anti-aging, and nephroprotective properties.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration and assess the α-Klotho protein's mediating role in this relationship.
METHODS: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016 on 2212 middle-aged and older Americans aged 40-79. Statistical methods such as multiple linear regression, threshold effects analysis, and mediation analysis were used to systematically assess the relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration and to explore the mediating role of α-Klotho protein.
RESULTS: Blood toluene concentration was significantly negatively associated with BUN concentration (p < 0.05). The results of the multiple regression analyses showed that the negative association remained statistically significant after controlling for confounding factors such as gender, age, race and body mass index. In addition, mediation analysis indicated that α-Klotho protein partially mediated this association (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed a U-shaped relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration in low-income populations.
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report a significant negative association between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration in a middle-aged and elderly U.S. population, and suggests a potential partial mediating role of α-Klotho protein. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding how toluene affects renal function.
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration and assess the α-Klotho protein's mediating role in this relationship.
METHODS: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2013 to 2016 on 2212 middle-aged and older Americans aged 40-79. Statistical methods such as multiple linear regression, threshold effects analysis, and mediation analysis were used to systematically assess the relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration and to explore the mediating role of α-Klotho protein.
RESULTS: Blood toluene concentration was significantly negatively associated with BUN concentration (p < 0.05). The results of the multiple regression analyses showed that the negative association remained statistically significant after controlling for confounding factors such as gender, age, race and body mass index. In addition, mediation analysis indicated that α-Klotho protein partially mediated this association (p < 0.05). Subgroup analyses showed a U-shaped relationship between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration in low-income populations.
CONCLUSION: This study is the first to report a significant negative association between blood toluene concentration and BUN concentration in a middle-aged and elderly U.S. population, and suggests a potential partial mediating role of α-Klotho protein. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding how toluene affects renal function.