Gender predictors of adverse health.

Women differ from men in many health indicators. We tested the extent to which such differences can be explained by gender constructs in a representative Canadian cohort (N = 2423). Institutionalized gender (education, income) and seven gender domains (e.g., perceived discrimination, work strain, caregiver strain) were assessed in their association with scales assessing health and well-being, and in several self-reported health conditions. Women reported higher rates of poor mental and physical health, depressive symptoms, stress, and major depressive disorder, while men reported more cardiovascular risk factors, heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes. Gender variables (in particular, perceived discrimination, caregiver strain, and low income) fully explained negative health indicators in women and strongly contributed to those in men. Social support and preparedness to take risks were protective factors. Findings suggest substantial contributions of gender variables in health disparities between women and men, highlighting modifiable prevention and intervention targets.