Advancements in mesenchymal stromal cells for treating connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease: from basic research to clinical application.

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common complication associated with connective tissue disease (CTD). It is characterized by a progressive decline in lung function, significantly affecting prognosis and potentially leading to respiratory failure or even death. The primary pathological mechanisms behind ILD include abnormal immune system activation and pulmonary fibrosis. Current treatment options primarily include immunosuppressive agents, antifibrotic drugs, and oxygen therapy to alleviate symptoms. However, these treatments have notable limitations, including individual variability and uncertain long-term effectiveness, which pose significant challenges in managing CTD-associated ILD (CTD-ILD).In recent years, Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) have gained considerable attention as a promising therapeutic option for CTD-ILD. This is due to their immunomodulatory, antifibrotic, and tissue repair properties. Both clinical and preclinical studies have shown the therapeutic potential of MSCs in this context. However, this article also discusses the challenges and limitations of MSC-based therapies, highlighting the need for further clinical studies to validate their effectiveness.