Comprehensive insights into circular RNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs as biomarkers in retinoblastoma.

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a common and potentially lethal cancer that primarily affects young children worldwide, with survival rates significantly varying between high- and low-income countries. This review aims to identify essential diagnostic markers for early diagnosis by investigating the molecular pathways associated with RB. The prevalence of RB cases is notably concentrated in Asia and Africa, contributing to a global survival rate estimate of less than 30%. Current management strategies involve complex, individualized treatment plans that consider cultural nuances, genetic abnormalities, staging, and the availability of medical resources. Recent studies suggest that circular RNAs (circRNAs) may serve as predictive and diagnostic biomarkers in the etiology of RB. This review examines the roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circRNAs in RB, with the goal of improving survival rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. A deeper understanding of the molecular pathways of RB may facilitate the development of personalized treatment plans and targeted therapies. Elevated expression of circRNAs has been observed in most patient cases, and studies indicate that reducing specific circRNA production can inhibit tumor cell development and progression. Investigating the roles and mechanisms of circular RNAs in RB holds promise for future treatment approaches.