The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · 2026
Growth mindset and grit as psychological resources in later life: age, socioeconomic status, and health patterning in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.
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Zaninotto Paola, Knowles Bran, Fledderjohann Jasmine, Ashcroft Alice, Steptoe Andrew
Аннотация
OBJECTIVES: Growth Mindset and Grit have been proposed as key psychological resources for resilience and adaptation, yet their manifestation and social distribution in later life remain underexplored. This study examines the structure, distribution, and correlates of proxy indicators of Growth Mindset and Grit using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).
METHODS: Proxy indicators reflecting learning behavior, personality traits, affect, and beliefs were used to derive 3 components of Growth Mindset (education-, personality-, and belief-based) and 2 components of Grit (affective- and personality-based). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of Growth Mindset and Grit components, including age, socioeconomic status, health, and cognitive functioning.
RESULTS: Distinct distributional patterns emerged across components. Education-based Growth Mindset was concentrated in lower categories, whereas personality-, belief-, and affect-based components showed greater variability. Older age was associated with lower Growth Mindset, particularly in education- and belief-based domains, while associations with Grit were more nuanced, including a lower likelihood of low affect-based Grit among older adults. Higher educational attainment, employment, wealth, and better memory performance were associated with more favorable profiles across selected domains. Living alone and limiting longstanding illness were consistently associated with less favorable profiles.
DISCUSSION: Growth Mindset and Grit-related proxy indicators were socially patterned and showed distinct associations across belief, personality, affective, and behavioral domains in later life. The differing distributions observed across these domains highlight the importance of distinguishing between opportunity-constrained behavioral indicators, such as formal learning, and more dispositional characteristics when studying psychological resources in older populations.
METHODS: Proxy indicators reflecting learning behavior, personality traits, affect, and beliefs were used to derive 3 components of Growth Mindset (education-, personality-, and belief-based) and 2 components of Grit (affective- and personality-based). Multinomial logistic regression models were used to examine the correlates of Growth Mindset and Grit components, including age, socioeconomic status, health, and cognitive functioning.
RESULTS: Distinct distributional patterns emerged across components. Education-based Growth Mindset was concentrated in lower categories, whereas personality-, belief-, and affect-based components showed greater variability. Older age was associated with lower Growth Mindset, particularly in education- and belief-based domains, while associations with Grit were more nuanced, including a lower likelihood of low affect-based Grit among older adults. Higher educational attainment, employment, wealth, and better memory performance were associated with more favorable profiles across selected domains. Living alone and limiting longstanding illness were consistently associated with less favorable profiles.
DISCUSSION: Growth Mindset and Grit-related proxy indicators were socially patterned and showed distinct associations across belief, personality, affective, and behavioral domains in later life. The differing distributions observed across these domains highlight the importance of distinguishing between opportunity-constrained behavioral indicators, such as formal learning, and more dispositional characteristics when studying psychological resources in older populations.