Current Medical Therapy in Epicardial and Microvascular Disease: Evidence and Gaps.

Management of chronic coronary syndromes has shifted from an obstructive coronary artery disease-focused model to a phenotype-guided approach that includes angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries/ ischemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA), vasospastic angina (VSA), and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). Background therapies such as statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiplatelets, and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor inhibitors improve vascular health, but the WARRIOR trial highlighted the limits of intensive therapy in unselected INOCA patients. Anti-ischemic treatment should be mechanism-based: calcium channel blockers for VSA, beta-blockers and ranolazine for CMD, while nitrates may worsen microvascular disease.