Mortality and morbidity associated with ambient temperatures in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated integrated risks of all-cause mortality, emergency room visits (ERVs), and outpatient visits associated with ambient temperature in all cities and counties of Taiwan. In addition, the modifying effects of socio-economic and environmental factors on temperature-health associations were also evaluated.

METHODS

A distributed lag non-linear model was applied to estimate the cumulative relative risks (RRs) with confidence intervals of all-cause mortality, ERVs, and outpatient visits associated with extreme temperature events. Random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of all-cause mortality, ERVs, and outpatient visits influenced by socio-economic and environmental factors.

RESULTS

Temperature-related risks varied with study area and health outcome. Meta-analysis showed greater all-cause mortality risk occurred in low temperatures than in high temperatures. Integrated RR of all-cause mortality was 1.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]:1.43-2.04) in the 5th percentile temperature and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05-1.15) in the 95th percentile temperature, while the lowest mortality risk was in the 60th percentile temperature (22.2 °C). Risk for ERVs increased when temperature increased (RR was 1.21 [95% CI: 1.17-1.26] in 95th percentile temperature), but risk of outpatient visits increased at low temperatures (RR was 1.06 [95% CI: 1.01-1.12] in the 5th percentile temperature). Certain socio-economic factors significantly modified low-temperature-related mortality risks, including number of employed populations, elders living alone from lower-income families, and public and medical services.

CONCLUSIONS

This study found that mortality and outpatient visits were higher at low temperature, while ERVs risk was higher at high temperature. Future plans for public health and emerging medical services responding to extreme temperatures should consider regional and integrated evaluations of temperature-related health risks and modifying factors.