An update on ACEs domain frequencies across race/ethnicity and sex in a nationally representative sample.

BACKGROUND

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) research has yielded important information regarding ACEs prevalence and impacts; however, few studies have included American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to update and expand the ACEs literature by using recent data (2009-2018; over 50% from 2015 to 2017); using a large, nationally representative sample (total N = 166,606) and AI/AN sub-sample (N = 3369); and including additional covariates (i.e., sex, age, income, education) to provide a comprehensive understanding of ACEs across diverse populations.

PARTICIPANTS AND

SETTING

Data were from the CDC's BRFSS, a standardized scale used in most ACEs literature, to improve generalizability of study findings, which may contribute to investigating future ACEs trends.

METHODS

Descriptive statistics and negative binomial regression analyses were conducted to examine the frequency of ACEs and the eight ACEs domains across racial/ethnic and sex groups.

RESULTS

AI/ANs had the highest ACEs compared to all racial/ethnic groups. Females had higher mean ACEs compared to males of the same racial/ethnic group; significant differences were identified between non-Hispanic White (NHW) females and NHW males, and between Hispanic females and Hispanic males. Across all 10 stratified subgroups, AI/AN females had the highest average ACEs followed by AI/AN males. Emotional abuse was the most reported ACEs domain across all individuals, and family incarceration was the lowest. AI/AN females and males had the highest ACEs frequencies in family substance use, witnessing intimate partner violence, and sexual and emotional abuse.

CONCLUSIONS

Findings have important implications for public health intervention and prevention efforts that may mitigate the impact of ACEs across racial/ethnic groups, particularly for AI/AN populations.