Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026
Potential protective effects of Phyllanthus emblica L. extract on high-salt diet-induced hypertension: a combined analysis of gut microbiota and metabolomics.
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Peng Mingzhu, He Zixin, Nie Jia, Wei Changhong, Wu Yamei, Qi Luming, Tang Jie, Chen Jun
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: High-salt diet (HSD)-induced hypertension is a common form of hypertension and is closely associated with inflammation, target-organ injury, and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Natural products have shown potential in the prevention and treatment of hypertension, and regulation of the gut microbiota and its metabolites may represent an important therapeutic mechanism. Phyllanthus emblica L. (PE) is a medicinal plant with reported cardiovascular-protective and antihypertensive effects.
METHODS: In this study, a salt-sensitive rat model was used to systematically evaluate the effects of PE extract on blood pressure (BP), inflammatory responses, renal and vascular pathological changes, intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota composition, and metabolite profiles. The potential mechanisms of PE were further explored with a focus on the gut microbiota-metabolite axis.
RESULTS: PE intervention significantly alleviated the HSD-induced increase in BP, reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, and improved renal and vascular tissue injury. PE also regulated the intestinal tight junction proteins Claudin-2 and ZO-1, suggesting an improvement in intestinal barrier function. Notably, high-dose PE extract restored HSD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus. Metabolomic analysis showed that high-dose PE extract improved HSD-induced alterations in the intestinal metabolite profile, with eight bile acid metabolites being significantly reversed. Correlation analysis further suggested that the protective effects of PE may be associated with regulation of gut microbiota and their metabolites, especially through the bile acid pathway.
DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that PE extract may exert protective effects against HSD-induced hypertension by modulating the gut microbiota-metabolite axis, improving intestinal barrier function, reducing inflammation, and alleviating renal and vascular injury. This study provides preliminary experimental evidence for the potential application of PE in the prevention and treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.
METHODS: In this study, a salt-sensitive rat model was used to systematically evaluate the effects of PE extract on blood pressure (BP), inflammatory responses, renal and vascular pathological changes, intestinal barrier function, gut microbiota composition, and metabolite profiles. The potential mechanisms of PE were further explored with a focus on the gut microbiota-metabolite axis.
RESULTS: PE intervention significantly alleviated the HSD-induced increase in BP, reduced the expression of the pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β, and improved renal and vascular tissue injury. PE also regulated the intestinal tight junction proteins Claudin-2 and ZO-1, suggesting an improvement in intestinal barrier function. Notably, high-dose PE extract restored HSD-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, particularly by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus. Metabolomic analysis showed that high-dose PE extract improved HSD-induced alterations in the intestinal metabolite profile, with eight bile acid metabolites being significantly reversed. Correlation analysis further suggested that the protective effects of PE may be associated with regulation of gut microbiota and their metabolites, especially through the bile acid pathway.
DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that PE extract may exert protective effects against HSD-induced hypertension by modulating the gut microbiota-metabolite axis, improving intestinal barrier function, reducing inflammation, and alleviating renal and vascular injury. This study provides preliminary experimental evidence for the potential application of PE in the prevention and treatment of salt-sensitive hypertension.