Role of gallic acid in the management of diabetes and its complications.

Diabetes is characterized by increased blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) linked with insufficient insulin secretion or action. Diabetes has become a major health concern in the twenty-first century. Persistent hyperglycemia damages the kidneys, nerves, eyes, and heart. Furthermore, cardiovascular problems such as hypertension, abnormal lipoprotein concentrations, and cerebrovascular disease are more common in diabetic patients. Looking at the limitations of current diabetes treatment and associated complications, such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiomyopathy, the approach of exploring plant bioactive compounds as an alternative therapeutic option has gained prime importance. Gallic acid is one of the important natural products that has been extensively studied for its various pharmacological effects. Emerging evidence suggests gallic acid modulates key pathways involved in glucose metabolism and oxidative stress, offering a multi-targeted approach to mitigate diabetic complications. The present review focuses on scientific studies carried out on gallic acid for its effect on diabetes and diabetic complications.