Cell membrane vaccine delivery system: A review of the recent advances against breast cancer.

Natural cells exhibit unique properties, such as homotypic targeting and prolonged circulation in the bloodstream, making them attractive candidates for breast cancer therapy vaccine delivery systems (VDSs). To improve delivery efficiency, these cells can be integrated with nanocarriers, paving the way for next-generation VDSs in the form of biomimetic nanomedicines. This review highlights recent progress in cell membrane-based vaccine delivery systems (CVDSs) and other types of vaccine delivery systems as a potential for breast cancer vaccine development. Cell membrane sources, including red blood cells (RBCs), cancer cells, and platelets are explored. Additionally, the methods for extracting these membranes and the mechanisms driving the functionality of biomimetic CVDSs are detailed. This review also highlights recent advancements and cutting-edge strategies of cell membrane vaccine delivery systems, with a particular focus on the use of cell-derived biomimetic nanotechnology for breast cancer. It also highlights breast cancer vaccines under development encompass protein-based (e.g., peptide vaccines), nucleic acid-based (DNA and RNA vaccines), immune cell-based (including dendritic cell and autologous tumor cell vaccines), and bacterial/viral vector-based vaccines. Each platform aims to elicit targeted anti-tumor immune responses.