Vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): Scientific evidence and strategies to reduce risks.

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are more vulnerable to infections that may favor disease progression. Vaccination in COPD is an effective intervention that helps reduce infectious exacerbations, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. In recent years, the use of new vaccines has become widespread, not only targeting specific infections but also contributing to long-lasting immunity and slowing the process of immune aging (immunosenescence). Current clinical practice guidelines recommend the administration of six vaccines (against Streptococcus pneumoniae, influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, respiratory syncytial virus, Bordetella pertussis, and varicella-zoster virus) for all COPD patients. However, vaccination rates in many countries still fall short of the established targets. Therefore, it is crucial to design a specific vaccination schedule tailored for COPD patients.