Characteristics of fluids used for intravascular volume replacement.

In this review, the relative merits of the different fluid solutions used for fluid replacement will be discussed. Differences in chemical composition may have important implications on volume expansion capacities but also on organ function. Among crystalloids, differences in electrolyte composition, and in particular chloride load, alter acid base status but may also affect other aspects of organ function. Large observational cohorts suggest that chloride load may be associated with a poor outcome. Colloids provide greater expansion capacities than crystalloids. When colloids are indicated, albumin should be preferred as it is the only one that has been proved to be safe in a large randomized trial. Cumulative evidence suggests that starches, even of the new generations, are associated with development of acute kidney injury. Hypertonic solutions may represent an interesting option in some groups of patients but more research is needed in this field.