Indian journal of medical microbiology · 2026
Comprehensive analysis of virulence profile and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella spp.- over an 8-year study period.
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Doss Kamali, Kundu Ramit, Das Ankita, Amala R, Mohanty Ankita, Mandal Jharna
Аннотация
INTRODUCTION: Shigella is a highly infectious diarrheal pathogen in developing countries. The increasing number of MDR isolates is an emerging problem in resource-limited settings such as India.
HYPOTHESIS/GAP STATEMENT: Detecting resistance genes and virulence genes of Shigella species can help plan empirical therapy and aid in future vaccine development.
AIM: This study was conducted to decipher the virulence and antimicrobial resistance among our Shigella isolates using targeted PCR.
METHODS: The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all Shigella isolates was done as per the CLSI 2021 using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The genomic DNA was subjected to PCR for the detection of resistance genes and virulence genes. The contig sequence of positive amplicons was compared and analysed using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, NCBI) and the translated protein by ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) server.
RESULTS: Sequence determination of the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes showed mutations in gyrA and parC. In GyrA at Gln69/Trp, Phe71/Ser, Ser72/Pro, Met75/Leu, Ser90/Cys, Met94/Leu, His106/Pro, Asn161/His, Thr163/Ala and in ParC at Ala64/Asp; aac-(6')Ib-cr were detected in 95.9% (215/224) and qnrS in 71.8% (161/224) of the isolates respectively. Bla_OXA was found in 92.8% (208/224), while bla_TEM in 37.9% (85/224) and bla_CTX in 8.0% (18/224); mphA was found in 19.4% (4/21) S.sonnei tested, of which 2 had azithromycin MIC of 64mcg/ml. IpaH was found in all the isolates, but the ompA gene, as well as the outer membrane protein A, was absent in 5 isolates of S.flexneri. The isolates of S.sonnei which showed resistance to azithromycin had IncFII, K and F plasmid types and the mphA gene.
CONCLUSION: The emergence of azithromycin resistance among Shigella is a major challenge in controlling multidrug-resistant Shigella. The absence of the ompA protein in some of our isolates limits its use as a potential vaccine candidate.
HYPOTHESIS/GAP STATEMENT: Detecting resistance genes and virulence genes of Shigella species can help plan empirical therapy and aid in future vaccine development.
AIM: This study was conducted to decipher the virulence and antimicrobial resistance among our Shigella isolates using targeted PCR.
METHODS: The antimicrobial susceptibility testing of all Shigella isolates was done as per the CLSI 2021 using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The genomic DNA was subjected to PCR for the detection of resistance genes and virulence genes. The contig sequence of positive amplicons was compared and analysed using BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool, NCBI) and the translated protein by ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) server.
RESULTS: Sequence determination of the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes showed mutations in gyrA and parC. In GyrA at Gln69/Trp, Phe71/Ser, Ser72/Pro, Met75/Leu, Ser90/Cys, Met94/Leu, His106/Pro, Asn161/His, Thr163/Ala and in ParC at Ala64/Asp; aac-(6')Ib-cr were detected in 95.9% (215/224) and qnrS in 71.8% (161/224) of the isolates respectively. Bla_OXA was found in 92.8% (208/224), while bla_TEM in 37.9% (85/224) and bla_CTX in 8.0% (18/224); mphA was found in 19.4% (4/21) S.sonnei tested, of which 2 had azithromycin MIC of 64mcg/ml. IpaH was found in all the isolates, but the ompA gene, as well as the outer membrane protein A, was absent in 5 isolates of S.flexneri. The isolates of S.sonnei which showed resistance to azithromycin had IncFII, K and F plasmid types and the mphA gene.
CONCLUSION: The emergence of azithromycin resistance among Shigella is a major challenge in controlling multidrug-resistant Shigella. The absence of the ompA protein in some of our isolates limits its use as a potential vaccine candidate.