From theory to practice: Protocol adaptations for swift victim identification in the forensic response to the October 7, 2023, Hamas massacre.

The October 7, 2023, massacre in Israel posed unprecedented challenges for disaster victim identification (DVI), requiring adaptations to international forensic protocols to address extreme conditions, including active conflict, fragmented remains, and cultural and religious constraints. The urgency of establishing a list of missing persons and establishing whether individuals were deceased or taken hostage, and in turn distinguishing victims from perpetrators, complicated the process. This study examines the modifications and innovations implemented throughout the DVI operation, integrating international best practices with locally adapted strategies. Key adaptations included enhanced interagency coordination and novel forensic identification techniques. Despite the unprecedented scale and complexity of this DVI incident for Israel, 96% of the 1200 victims were identified within 3 weeks. The operation underscored the critical importance of adaptability, real-time collaboration, and technological innovation in mass fatality response.