Epigenetic mechanisms of HIV and opioid-induced neuropathology: Potential therapies and interventions.

HIV continues to be a significant global health issue, especially regarding its connection to the opioid epidemic. Substance abuse heightens the risk of spreading HIV infection and is linked to treatment non-compliance, accelerated disease progression, and increased mortality. Recent studies link epigenetic changes with the emergence of opioid addiction and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite new insights, the lasting epigenetic effects of opioid abuse on the severity, progression, and outlook of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain unclear. HAND occurs even with adequate antiretroviral therapy, for which there are currently no effective treatments. The epigenome in the central nervous system (CNS) plays a crucial role in helping humans adapt to a changing environment, and its dysregulation can lead to various CNS disorders; however, the underlying mechanisms of such developments are poorly understood. At present, several epigenetic drugs are being developed and tested in clinical trials as supplemental therapies for CNS disorders, including age-related neurodegeneration, mood disorders, and behavioral disorders. Accumulated evidence suggests that future therapeutic strategies should prioritize the development of epigenetic drugs, or epidrugs, as adjunct therapies for treating CNS disorders, including HAND and addiction-related diseases. This review explores the epigenetic mechanisms governing HIV-related neurological impairment amid the influence of opioid abuse.