Neuroophthalmologic manifestations of systemic disease.

Significant contributions on the neuroophthalmologic manifestations of systemic disease have been published in the past year. The first part of this paper is devoted to practical guidelines that may help in the diagnosis and the management of oculomotor disorders, especially in connection with systemic diseases; the second part is focused on specific entities. Including idiopathic intracranial hypertension and ophthalmoplegic migraine in this review might be debatable; however, although the cause of these conditions is still unclear, relevant findings suggest that they may be the consequence of other adjacent processes rather than the cause itself. We believe that the diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension as well as that of ophthalmoplegic migraine remains a challenging issue for the ophthalmologist and may easily be overlooked.