Optimal treatment of preclinical cardiovascular disease: A narrative review with a focus on carotid artery stenosis.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic and progressive disease with a long preclinical (asymptomatic) period. The optimal management of patients with preclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) includes behavioral counselling and lifestyle measures. Weight loss, regular exercise, interventions to modify sleep distubances and control of the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (smoking, dyslipidemia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus), as well as adoption of a Mediterranean diet including 5 portions of vegetables and fruits per day, are of utmost importance in these patients. Timely initiation of appropriate medical therapy reduces cardiovascular events and disease progression. Medical therapy should be administered: (1) to lower blood pressure <130/80 mmHg in patients with hypertension (and even <120/80 mmHg if tolerated), (2) to reduce glycated hemoglobin values <7.0% (equivalent to <53 mmol/mol), and, (3) to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values <70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) for high-risk individuals and to <55 mg/dL (<1.4 mmol/L) for very high-risk patients. The present narrative review discusses the optimal management of individuals with preclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a focus on carotid artery stenosis.