Addiction (Abingdon, England) · 2026
The association between job loss and alcohol and tobacco use.
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Weatherburn Don, Alexeev Sergey
Аннотация
AIMS: This study used Australian longitudinal data to examine the effect of being fired or made redundant on alcohol and tobacco use.
DESIGN AND SETTING: Fixed effect panel analyses of 19 waves of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, a voluntary representative longitudinal survey of over 17 000 Australians.
PARTICIPANTS: 143 517 survey responses from 15 934 individuals, with the effective sample varying by analysis.
MEASUREMENTS: Outcome variables were drinking status (drinker/non-drinker), drinking frequency (days per week/month), drinking amount (number of standard drinks), smoking status (smoker/non-smoker), tobacco consumption (packets per week). Covariates included age, sex, Indigenous status, marital status, country of birth (Australia vs. other country), remoteness of residence, year 12 completion, mental health [measured using the mental health component of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF36)], poor health, low socio-economic status, whether separated/divorced in the last 12 months, whether experienced a sudden loss of income in the last 12 months and survey year.
FINDINGS: After adjusting for the effects of other factors, there is no statistically significant association between being fired and the risk that a non-drinker will initiate or return to drinking alcohol [odds ratio (OR) = 0.889, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.894-1.093]. Nor is there a statistically significant association between being fired and the frequency with which a drinker drinks [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.008, 95% CI = 0.999-1.016)]. There is an association between being fired and the amount of alcohol consumed (IRR = 1.030, 95% CI = 1.018-1.093), but the association is weak. Being fired is associated with an increase in the likelihood of initiating or returning to tobacco use (OR = 1.276, 95% CI = 1.153-1.412) and with the quantity of tobacco smoked (IRR = 1.024, 95% CI = 1.003-1.046). In the latter case, however, the effect is small.
CONCLUSION: There appears to be limited evidence that being fired or made redundant in the past year increases alcohol and/or tobacco consumption among Australians.
DESIGN AND SETTING: Fixed effect panel analyses of 19 waves of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, a voluntary representative longitudinal survey of over 17 000 Australians.
PARTICIPANTS: 143 517 survey responses from 15 934 individuals, with the effective sample varying by analysis.
MEASUREMENTS: Outcome variables were drinking status (drinker/non-drinker), drinking frequency (days per week/month), drinking amount (number of standard drinks), smoking status (smoker/non-smoker), tobacco consumption (packets per week). Covariates included age, sex, Indigenous status, marital status, country of birth (Australia vs. other country), remoteness of residence, year 12 completion, mental health [measured using the mental health component of the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF36)], poor health, low socio-economic status, whether separated/divorced in the last 12 months, whether experienced a sudden loss of income in the last 12 months and survey year.
FINDINGS: After adjusting for the effects of other factors, there is no statistically significant association between being fired and the risk that a non-drinker will initiate or return to drinking alcohol [odds ratio (OR) = 0.889, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.894-1.093]. Nor is there a statistically significant association between being fired and the frequency with which a drinker drinks [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.008, 95% CI = 0.999-1.016)]. There is an association between being fired and the amount of alcohol consumed (IRR = 1.030, 95% CI = 1.018-1.093), but the association is weak. Being fired is associated with an increase in the likelihood of initiating or returning to tobacco use (OR = 1.276, 95% CI = 1.153-1.412) and with the quantity of tobacco smoked (IRR = 1.024, 95% CI = 1.003-1.046). In the latter case, however, the effect is small.
CONCLUSION: There appears to be limited evidence that being fired or made redundant in the past year increases alcohol and/or tobacco consumption among Australians.