Frontiers in child and adolescent psychiatry · 2026
Socio-cultural context as a protective factor: regional disparities in adolescent mental health in Mexico during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Ramirez-Rodriguez Rodrigo, Fernández-Demeneghi Rafael, Gomez-Rutti Yuliana Yessy, Pillon Sandra Cristina, Puig-Lagunes Ángel Alberto
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Globally, approximately one in seven adolescents experiences a mental disorder, which can negatively impact their quality of life. In Mexico, evidence of regional differences in adolescent mental health is limited. This study examined regional disparities in the prevalence and severity of mental health symptoms, substance use, and resilience among adolescents in southern Veracruz during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, we identified psychosocial profiles and examined the protective role of resilience against psychopathology.
METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among adolescents from four regions of southern Veracruz: semi-urban, agro-commercial, industrial urban, and semi-rural. Participants completed online, self-administered questionnaires assessing psychoactive substance use, symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, and resilience. Descriptive analyses, binomial logistic and linear regression models, and k-means clustering were used to examine regional differences and the association between resilience and mental health outcomes. Analyses were performed in RStudio (macOS).
RESULTS: A total of 2,194 adolescents (mean age: 16.6 ± 1.1 years) were included. Overall, 28.3% reported alcohol consumption and 8.5% tobacco use. Anxiety was most prevalent (38.5%), followed by depression (33.7%) and stress (23.9%). Only 21.2% demonstrated high resilience. Significant regional differences were observed. Region 4 adolescents (semi-rural) showed fewer moderate-to-extremely severe cases and higher resilience (p < 0.001). Adolescents in Regions 1 and 3 were more likely to experience depression (OR = 1.04) and had fewer protective factors, whereas greater social support and structure were associated with Region 4 (OR = 0.69 and 0.92). Higher resilience was associated with lower depression (R² = 0.098) and anxiety (R² = 0.060). Two profiles were identified: Resilient (56.5%) and Vulnerable (43.5%), with Region 4 overrepresented in the Resilient Profile (66.4%) and Region 3 in the Vulnerable Profile (53.2%).
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents from Region 4 exhibited more favorable emotional profiles, characterized by higher resilience and lower symptom severity. The identification of psychosocial profiles and the protective role of resilience highlight the influence of regional context on adolescent mental health, thereby supporting the development of context-specific interventions.
METHODS: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among adolescents from four regions of southern Veracruz: semi-urban, agro-commercial, industrial urban, and semi-rural. Participants completed online, self-administered questionnaires assessing psychoactive substance use, symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression, and resilience. Descriptive analyses, binomial logistic and linear regression models, and k-means clustering were used to examine regional differences and the association between resilience and mental health outcomes. Analyses were performed in RStudio (macOS).
RESULTS: A total of 2,194 adolescents (mean age: 16.6 ± 1.1 years) were included. Overall, 28.3% reported alcohol consumption and 8.5% tobacco use. Anxiety was most prevalent (38.5%), followed by depression (33.7%) and stress (23.9%). Only 21.2% demonstrated high resilience. Significant regional differences were observed. Region 4 adolescents (semi-rural) showed fewer moderate-to-extremely severe cases and higher resilience (p < 0.001). Adolescents in Regions 1 and 3 were more likely to experience depression (OR = 1.04) and had fewer protective factors, whereas greater social support and structure were associated with Region 4 (OR = 0.69 and 0.92). Higher resilience was associated with lower depression (R² = 0.098) and anxiety (R² = 0.060). Two profiles were identified: Resilient (56.5%) and Vulnerable (43.5%), with Region 4 overrepresented in the Resilient Profile (66.4%) and Region 3 in the Vulnerable Profile (53.2%).
CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents from Region 4 exhibited more favorable emotional profiles, characterized by higher resilience and lower symptom severity. The identification of psychosocial profiles and the protective role of resilience highlight the influence of regional context on adolescent mental health, thereby supporting the development of context-specific interventions.