Lifestyle factors in hepatocellular carcinoma: From pathogenesis to prognosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major global health burden, ranking third as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. This comprehensive review examines the substantial body of evidence linking modifiable lifestyle factors to HCC pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. We systematically evaluate dietary components, alcohol consumption patterns, tobacco use, physical activity levels, and emerging factors including metabolic disorders, psychological stress, and sleep disturbances. These factors collectively influence hepatocarcinogenesis through diverse biological mechanisms, including genotoxic damage, metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammatory responses, and gut microbiome-mediated pathways. The accumulated data underscore the urgent need to integrate lifestyle interventions into multidisciplinary HCC management.