Reduction-responsive cholesterol-based block copolymer vesicles for drug delivery.

We developed a new robust reduction-responsive polymersome based on the amphiphilic block copolymer PEG-SS-PAChol. The stability and robustness were achieved by the smectic physical cross-linking of cholesterol-containing liquid crystal polymer PAChol in the hydrophobic layer. The reduction-sensitivity was introduced by the disulfide bridge (-S-S-) that links the hydrophilic PEG block and the hydrophobic PAChol block. We used a versatile synthetic strategy based on atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to synthesize the reduction-responsive amphiphilic block copolymers. The reductive cleavage of the disulfide bridge in the block copolymers was first evidenced in organic solution. The partial destruction of PEG-SS-PAChol polymersomes in the presence of a reducing agent was then demonstrated by cryo-electron microscopy. Finally, the calcein release from PEG-SS-PAChol polymersomes triggered by glutathione (GSH) was observed both in PBS suspension and in vitro inside the macrophage cells. High GSH concentrations (≥35 mM in PBS or artificially enhanced in macrophage cells by GSH-OEt pretreatment) and long incubation time (in the order of hours) were, however, necessary to get significant calcein release. These polymersomes could be used as drug carriers with very long circulation profiles and slow release kinetics.