Pharmacological Evaluation of Methanolic Fruit Extract of Lannea coromandelica: Antioxidant, Cytotoxic, Antidiabetic, Antibacterial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Sedative Activities.

Lannea coromandelica (Anacardiaceae) has been traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine to treat various ailments. However, its pharmacological potential remains largely unverified. This study investigates the methanolic fruit extract of L. coromandelica (ME) through in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and GC-MS analyses to validate its traditional uses. The extract was assessed for its total phenolic and flavonoid content, and phytoconstituents were identified using GC-MS profiling. Antioxidant activity was measured by DPPH and ABTS assays, while cytotoxicity was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality and HeLa cell viability assays. Antidiabetic activity was assessed by α-amylase inhibition, antibacterial properties were tested by agar well diffusion, and anti-inflammatory and sedative effects were evaluated in Swiss albino mice using carrageenan-induced paw edema and behavioral tests. Molecular docking studies targeted SUR-1, DNA gyrase B, caspase-3, COX-2, and the GABA-A receptor. ME exhibited significant phenolic (35 ± 1.03 mg/g) and flavonoid (11.57 ± 0.37 mg/g) content, with GC-MS analysis identifying phenolics, terpenoids, and fatty acid derivatives. The extract demonstrated strong antioxidant (IC50: 31.49 and 48.94 μg/mL), cytotoxic (LC50: 36.22 μg/mL; 50: 93.09 μg/mL) activities. It also showed broad-spectrum antibacterial effects, excellent anti-inflammatory activity, and significant sedative effects (p < 0.001). Molecular docking revealed strong ligand-target interactions. These results support the pharmacological potential of ME, validating its traditional uses and suggesting its promise for developing therapies targeting inflammation, infection, metabolic, and neurological diseases. Further preclinical and clinical studies are recommended.