medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024
The mouth of America: the oral microbiome profile of the US population.
СтатьяПрепринтНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Chaturvedi Anil K, Vogtmann Emily, Shi Jianxin, Yano Yukiko, Blaser Martin J, Bokulich Nicholas A, Caporaso J Gregory, Gillison Maura L, Graubard Barry I, Hua Xing, Hullings Autumn G, Kahle Lisa, Knight Rob, Li Shilan, McLean Jody, Purandare Vaishnavi, Wan Yunhu, Freedman Neal D, Abnet Christian C
Аннотация
IMPORTANCE: The oral microbiome is increasingly recognized to play key roles in human health and disease; yet, population-representative characterizations are lacking.
OBJECTIVE: Characterize the composition, diversity, and correlates of the oral microbiome among US adults.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-representative survey.
SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2009-2012), a stratified multistage probability sample of the US population.
PARTICIPANTS: NHANES participants aged 18-69 years (n=8,237, representing 202,314,000 individuals).
EXPOSURES: Demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical characteristics.
MAIN OUTCOMES: Oral microbiome, characterized through 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiome metrics were alpha diversity (number of observed Amplicon Sequence Variants [ASV], Faith's Phylogenetic diversity, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Simpson Index); beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac, weighted UniFrac, and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity); and prevalence and relative abundance at taxonomic levels (phylum through genus). Analyses accounted for the NHANES complex sample design.
RESULTS: Among US adults aged 18-69 years, the oral microbiome encompassed 37 bacterial phyla, 99 classes, 212 orders, 446 families, and 1,219 genera. Five phyla-Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria and six genera-Veillonella, Streptococcus, Prevotella7, Rothia, Actinomyces, and Gemella, were present in nearly all US adults (weighted-prevalence >99%). These genera also were the most abundant, accounting for 65.7% of abundance. Observed ASVs showed a quadratic pattern with age (peak at 30 years), was similar by sex, significantly lower among non-Hispanic White individuals, and increased with higher body mass index (BMI) categories, alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity. All covariates together accounted for a modest proportion of oral microbiome variability, as measured by beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac=8.7%, weighted UniFrac=7.2%, and Bray-Curtis=6.3%). By contrast, relative abundance of a few genera explained a high percentage of variability in beta diversity (weighted UniFrac: Aggregatibacter=22.4%, Lactococcus=21.6%, Haemophilus=18.4%). Prevalence and relative abundance of numerous genera were significantly associated (Bonferroni-corrected Wald-p<0.0002) with age, race and ethnicity, smoking, BMI categories, alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity.
CONCLUSIONS: We provide a contemporary reference standard for the oral microbiome of the US adult population. Our results indicate that a few genera were universally present in US adults and a different set of genera explained a high percentage of oral microbiome diversity across the population.
OBJECTIVE: Characterize the composition, diversity, and correlates of the oral microbiome among US adults.
DESIGN: Cross-sectional population-representative survey.
SETTING: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2009-2012), a stratified multistage probability sample of the US population.
PARTICIPANTS: NHANES participants aged 18-69 years (n=8,237, representing 202,314,000 individuals).
EXPOSURES: Demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, anthropometric, metabolic, and clinical characteristics.
MAIN OUTCOMES: Oral microbiome, characterized through 16S rRNA sequencing. Microbiome metrics were alpha diversity (number of observed Amplicon Sequence Variants [ASV], Faith's Phylogenetic diversity, Shannon-Weiner Index, and Simpson Index); beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac, weighted UniFrac, and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity); and prevalence and relative abundance at taxonomic levels (phylum through genus). Analyses accounted for the NHANES complex sample design.
RESULTS: Among US adults aged 18-69 years, the oral microbiome encompassed 37 bacterial phyla, 99 classes, 212 orders, 446 families, and 1,219 genera. Five phyla-Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Fusobacteria and six genera-Veillonella, Streptococcus, Prevotella7, Rothia, Actinomyces, and Gemella, were present in nearly all US adults (weighted-prevalence >99%). These genera also were the most abundant, accounting for 65.7% of abundance. Observed ASVs showed a quadratic pattern with age (peak at 30 years), was similar by sex, significantly lower among non-Hispanic White individuals, and increased with higher body mass index (BMI) categories, alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity. All covariates together accounted for a modest proportion of oral microbiome variability, as measured by beta diversity (unweighted UniFrac=8.7%, weighted UniFrac=7.2%, and Bray-Curtis=6.3%). By contrast, relative abundance of a few genera explained a high percentage of variability in beta diversity (weighted UniFrac: Aggregatibacter=22.4%, Lactococcus=21.6%, Haemophilus=18.4%). Prevalence and relative abundance of numerous genera were significantly associated (Bonferroni-corrected Wald-p<0.0002) with age, race and ethnicity, smoking, BMI categories, alcohol use, and periodontal disease severity.
CONCLUSIONS: We provide a contemporary reference standard for the oral microbiome of the US adult population. Our results indicate that a few genera were universally present in US adults and a different set of genera explained a high percentage of oral microbiome diversity across the population.