Electrochemical sensor featuring PdFeCo1-xONPs on carbon paper for the sensitive determination of indole-3-lactic acid levels in serum samples.

A highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing platform with self-assembled porous 3-D trimetallic (Pd, Fe, and Co) hybrid anchored on a cost-effective and high-conducting carbon paper (CP) synthesized via a facile and cost-effective hydrothermal impregnation and thermal reduction technique was developed for determining indole-3-lactic acid (ILA) levels in buffer and serum samples. Before the analytical phase, the composite (PdFeCo1-xONPs@CP electrode) was thoroughly characterized, and different methods were used to investigate the electrochemical properties. The combination of tri-metallics with CP-fibers improved sensing capacities in the linear range of 0.05-30 μM, with sensitivity and limits of detection of and 0.165 ± 0.013 μA/μM and 7.8 ± 0. 2 nM, respectively, towards ILA determination. Furthermore, the developed sensing platform was utilized for the analyses of ILA in sigma, human normal, and alcohol use disorder patients' serum samples. Liquid chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry was equally used to quantify ILA levels in the serum samples and the results of both methods were compared.