Risk assessment of chloramphenicol residues in raw bovine milk: a regulatory and public health perspective.

Chloramphenicol (CAP) is a banned antibiotic in food-producing animals due to its genotoxic properties and potential carcinogenicity. Despite existing safety regulations, CAP residues have been detected in milk worldwide, raising public health concerns. In Armenia and its neighboring Caucasus countries, this is the first study to assess the risks of CAP residues in raw bovine milk using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach while considering various potential health effects of CAP exposure. Within the national residue monitoring program, CAP residues in raw milk from all regions of Armenia were analyzed using ELISA for screening and LC-MS/MS for confirmation. CAP was detected in most (83.12%) of the 121 raw milk samples, with 56.2% exceeding the European Reference Point for Action (0.15 µg/kg). Meanwhile, risk assessment outcomes indicated that estimated exposure levels of CAP in raw milk are unlikely to pose health concerns for the general adult Armenian population. Nevertheless, this study highlights the issue of illicit veterinary drug use in Armenia, potentially affecting antimicrobial resistance as well as international trade. Strengthening monitoring, raising consumer awareness, and enforcing stricter regulations are crucial. Additionally, an integrated, One Health-based food chain control system - engaging farmers, food producers, veterinarians, and public authorities is essential.