Distinct insula subdivisions of resting-state functional connectivity in individuals with opioid and methamphetamine use disorders.

Different addictive drugs can impact the function and morphology of the brain in diverse ways. The insula cortex, an important brain node involved in craving and reward neural circuits in individuals with substance use disorders (including damage to the insula cortex), has been reported to reduce addictive behaviors. However, less is known about whether there is a functional difference between individuals with opioid and methamphetamine use disorders, especially regarding the function of the insula cortex. Fifty-eight individuals with opioid use disorder and sixty individuals with methamphetamine use disorder underwent resting-state and 3D-T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and completed craving questionnaires. Differences in insula subdivision resting-state functional connectivity between the groups were assessed, and their correlations with craving were analyzed. Compared with the methamphetamine group, the opioid group demonstrated increased connectivity of the right dorsal anterior insula but decreased connectivity of the right posterior insula and the left dorsal anterior insula/posterior insula/ventral anterior insula. Additionally, a negative correlation between functional connectivity and craving was observed in individuals with opioid and methamphetamine use disorders. This study provides insights into the various brain function connection patterns that are associated with different types of drug use with respect to opioid and methamphetamine use disorders.