Alcohol and other drug use: A qualitative exploration of staff and patient's experiences of language use as a means of stigma communication in hospital and primary care settings.

INTRODUCTION

Hospital and primary care settings present opportunities to interact, initiate conversations, and instigate referrals for patients experiencing harm from their alcohol and other drug use. Using a stigma communication model, our qualitative study explored whether stigma communication materialized in staff's language in the hospital and primary care settings, and if so, whether this had any impact on staff's and patients' experiences.

METHOD: The study conducted thematic analysis on 39 semi-structured interviews comprising both male and female adults (n = 20) who had experienced or were currently experiencing problematic alcohol or other drug use; and staff (n = 19) from either alcohol and other drug specialist services, or other broader health care services.

RESULTS

The study identified three themes where language use materialized as a means of stigma communication: (i) language that positioned a patient as undeserving; (ii) language that separated a patient from other patients; and (iii) language that blamed a patient. Where language use materialized as a means of stigma communication, this appeared to influence staff's decision-making, or potential avoidance of staff's obligations related to health care. Where language use materialized as a means of stigma communication for patients, poor experiences occurred for both staff and patients, that potentially influenced health care provision or future treatment-seeking intentions.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of language as a means of stigma communication was present in staff/patient interactions. Although a number of targeted interventions exist that address language and stigma toward people who use alcohol and other drugs, our findings indicate that change may be inhibited if staff do not realize that their own use of language may contribute to the perpetuation of stigma. The findings also suggest that aspects of language that materialize as a means of stigma communication may impact the "no wrong door" approach, which intends that people, regardless of which service they attend, receive appropriate support.