Bioactive coatings for biomedical engineering application: A review of mechanical integrity, biocompatibility, and future smart technologies.

Bioactive coatings have attracted considerable attention in the context of orthopedic and dental implantology, where establishing a stable and biologically active interface between the implant surface and surrounding hard tissue remains a central challenge. The present review examines the principal coating categories inorganic, organic, and hybrid with particular attention to their roles in promoting osseointegration, supporting bone regeneration, and reducing implant-associated infection in musculoskeletal and craniofacial applications. This review offers an in-depth examination of bioactive coatings, categorizing them into three main classes: inorganic, organic, and hybrid. It delves into their preparation techniques, characterization methods, and evaluation processes, detailing how these coatings are engineered and tested for optimal performance. Beyond the technical aspects, the review highlights several critical issues in the field, such as achieving long-term stability, preserving biofunctionality under physiological conditions, and enabling cost-effective scalability for broad application. Addressing these challenges could lead to significant progress, ranging from enhanced implant performance to reduced complications and improved patient outcomes. By overcoming existing limitations and integrating emerging technologies, bioactive coatings are well-positioned to play an important role in the future of medical device innovation and regenerative medicine, paving the way for more effective and personalized therapeutic solutions.