Opportunities and Challenges of Implementing Solar-Powered Digital Health in Low-Resource Settings: A Mixed-Methods Study.

BackgroundDigital health systems can improve healthcare delivery in low-resource settings but are often constrained by unreliable electricity and inadequate infrastructure. Solar-powered energy systems offer a promising solution to improve the resilience and sustainability of digital health services. This study evaluated the opportunities, challenges, technical feasibility, economic viability, and health system readiness for implementing solar-powered digital health systems in low-resource settings.MethodsA cross-sectional mixed-methods study was conducted across 12 public health facilities in rural and peri-urban areas. Quantitative data were collected through structured facility assessments and surveys, while qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews and observational assessments. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative analysis, and thematic analysis was applied to qualitative data. Findings were integrated to generate system-level insights.ResultsAlthough 86% of facilities were connected to the national grid, only 29% reported reliable electricity, and 83% experienced frequent power outages. Limited computing resources (29%) and unstable internet connectivity (60%) further constrained digital health operations. Most facilities (75%) reported high energy-related costs, often due to generator use. Despite these challenges, 92% of respondents supported solar-powered solutions, citing improved service continuity, reduced operational disruptions, and enhanced system performance. Qualitative findings highlighted reliance on paper-based workarounds and emphasized the interdependence of energy, connectivity, and digital infrastructure.ConclusionSolar-powered digital health systems represent a feasible and context-appropriate approach for strengthening digital health infrastructure in low-resource settings. However, successful implementation requires coordinated investments addressing technical, financial, and organizational barriers to support long-term sustainability and health system resilience.