Toward adaptive cyborg tissues.

Organoids and engineered tissues have emerged as powerful models of human biology, yet their development and function are often characterized through endpoint measurements that provide only static snapshots of dynamic biological processes. Recent advances in stretchable mesh electronics, developmental biointegration, and organoid engineering have enabled the creation of cyborg tissues with embedded sensing, stimulation, and computational capabilities. This review highlights recent progress in developmental bioelectronic integration, multifunctional tissue mapping, biological state reconstruction, and artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled cyborg systems. We discuss how embedded bioelectronics can be combined with molecular and spatial profiling technologies to characterize tissue function, developmental trajectories, and biological states. These advances establish cyborg tissues as biologically integrated platforms for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug discovery, and adaptive biotechnology.