Food-Interfaced Bioelectronics for In Situ Molecular Food Profiling.

Over the past decade, real-time sensing technologies have assumed an increasingly important role in monitoring food taste, quality, and safety by probing diverse biomolecular signatures within complex food matrices. Distinct from conventional food sensors, emerging food-interfaced bioelectronic platforms combine advances in materials science, molecular recognition, and device engineering to enable direct and in situ access to food-relevant information. Recent efforts have increasingly focused on sustainable, biocompatible, and, in some cases, edible materials that can safely interface with foods while maintaining robust performance in chemically and mechanically heterogeneous environments. Coupled with unobtrusive, multimodal sensing platforms and data-driven analytical frameworks, these systems offer new opportunities for real-time food profiling, informed consumption, and waste reduction. This review surveys recent progress in food-interfaced sensing technologies, with particular emphasis on materials innovations, interface design considerations, sensing and signal transduction strategies, and application-driven data interpretation. We further discuss the key translational challenges associated with validation, scalability, and regulatory adoption. By bridging materials, devices, and food systems, food-interfaced bioelectronics have the potential to transform food monitoring, food safety, and personalized nutrition.