The Magnetic-Resonance-Based, Omni-Directional Hydrophone.

This study aims to improve the directional sensitivity of magnetic resonance hydrophone (MRH) methods and allow for detection and quantification of waves traveling at any angle relative to the MRI bore-axis. Doing so may better integrate MRH technology into transcranial focused ultrasound neuromodulation therapies. Existing MRH implementations only encode acoustic waves propagating along the MRI bore-axis, precluding use with wide aperture transducers or temporal skull windows. This study expands the MRH technique into a MR-based Omni-directional Hydrophone (MRbOH) that can quantify the magnitude pressure and phase of waves propagating at any angle. The MRbOH method formulates a system of equations around uniquely sensitized images that, when solved, introduce sensitivity to oblique acoustic waves. The method was tested experimentally in a gel phantom that was insonated at $0^o$, $45^o$, and $90^o$ relative to the MRI bore-axis. The method reconstructed pressure maps at all three angles of propagation, including features such as peak pressure, partial reflections, and beamwidth. The MRbOH method measured an average beamwidth of 16.2 mm while the hydrophone measured a beamwidth of 14.5 mm. Average hydrophone-measured pressure within a region of interest was 416.19 $\boldsymbol{\pm}$ 78.07 kPa. Average MRbOH measured pressure in the same region at $0^o$, $45^o$, and $90^o$, respectively, were: 285.5 $\boldsymbol{\pm}$ 49.5 kPa, 193.13 $\boldsymbol{\pm}$ 43.55 kPa, 194.7 $\boldsymbol{\pm}$ 47.38 kPa. In addition, the study presents and experimentally verifies a statistical noise model that predicted the mean with $R^2 = 0.85$, and standard deviation with $R^2 = 0.83$.