Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the first selective, membrane-impermeant inhibitors targeting the tumor-associated isozyme IX.

The inhibition of the tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) isozyme possessing an extracellular active site has been investigated with a series of positively-charged, pyridinium derivatives of sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and 4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide. Inhibition data for the physiologically relevant isozymes I and II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound) were also provided for comparison. A very interesting inhibition profile against CA IX with these sulfonamides has been observed. Several nanomolar (K(i)'s in the range of 6-54 nM) CA IX inhibitors have also been detected. Because CA IX is a highly active isozyme predominantly expressed in tumor tissues with bad prognosis of disease progression, this finding is very promising for the potential design of CA IX-specific inhibitors with applications as anti-tumor agents. This is the first report of inhibitors that may selectively target CA IX, due to their membrane-impermeability and high affinity for this clinically relevant isozyme.