[Historical reflections on smallpox, science and health: an interview with Tania Fernandes].

This interview with retired Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz researcher Tania Maria Dias Fernandes explores her academic trajectory, which covers studies on the history of science, public health and vaccines. Notable topics include the institutionalization of the smallpox vaccine, the eradication of smallpox, the role of health surveillance and the historical and contemporary challenges faced by marginalized communities. The interview also addresses strategies adopted during the vaccination process, scientific debates that influenced health policy, and the importance of understanding public health through an interdisciplinary approach.