Current therapeutic options in the management of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis.

Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a condition characterised by calcification and ossification of soft tissues, mainly ligaments and enthesis. Although DISH often coexists with osteoarthritis, this disorder differs from primary osteoarthritis by a dissimilar prevalence within the general population, gender distribution, anatomical site of primary involvement and magnitude and distribution in the spine and the peripheral joints. Little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease and possible therapeutic interventions. Treatment should be aimed at the symptomatic relief of pain and stiffness; the prevention, retardation or arrest of progression; the treatment of associated metabolic disorders and the prevention of spontaneous or induced complications. Change of lifestyle, nutrition and therapeutic options to alleviate pain and stiffness are measures that might improve quality of life in patients affected by DISH. Control of associated metabolic disorders such as hypertension, hyperinsulinaemia with or without hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidaemia and hyperuricaemia may reduce the morbidities associated with these disorders and prevent further progression of the condition. Recent developments in our understanding of the molecular basis of the ligamentous and entheseal changes that lead to the development of DISH might pave the way to future, more targeted and effective therapies.