Diversity of copper-containing nanoparticles and their influence on plant growth and development.

Copper (Cu) is an important microelement for plants, but in high concentrations it can be toxic. Cu-containing nanoparticles (Cu NPs) are less toxic, their use for plants is safer, more effective and economical than the use of Cu salts. This review presents detailed information on the chemical diversity of Cu NPs and various methods of their synthesis. The mechanisms of the effect of Cu NPs on plants are described in detail, and examples of research in this area are given. The main effects of Cu NPs on plants are reviewed including on their growth and development (organogenesis, mitosis, accumulation of biomass), biochemical processes (intensity of photosynthesis, antioxidant status and intensity of lipid peroxidation processes), gene expression, plant resistance to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The prospects of using Cu NPs as mineral fertilizers are shown by describing their stimulation effects on seed germination, plant growth and development, and on increase of plant resistance to stress factors. The protective effect of Cu NPs is often explained by their antioxidant activity. At the same time, there are a number of studies demonstrating the negative impact of Cu NPs on plant growth, development and the intensity of photosynthesis, depending on their concentration. Cu NPs have a pronounced antibacterial effect on bacterial phytopathogens of cultivated plants, as well as on a number of phytopathogenic fungi and nematodes. Thus, Cu NPs are promising agents for agriculture, while their effect on plants requires careful selection of optimal concentrations and comprehensive studies to avoid a toxic effect.