Antiviral innate immunity and adaptive immune responses against monkeypox and viral immune evasion.

The monkeypox virus (MPXV) belongs to the Poxviridae family and has emerged as a global problem for public health since May 2022. Both innate and adaptive immunity are crucial for preventing MPXV infections. Understanding the interaction between the innate and adaptive immune systems and MPXV could be critical in developing novel treatments. This review presents an update on the host antiviral innate and adaptive immune responses against four zoonosis poxvirus, including mouse kidney parvovirus, cowpox virus, variola virus, and vaccinia virus. The effect of APOBEC3 variants on viral immune escape and the underlying mechanisms were also explored. The possible mechanisms of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus and monkeypox co-infection in the clinical setting were also analysed in the hope of providing a basis for clinical drug development and treatment.