Clinical issues related to the costs of alcoholism.

Alcohol (ethanol) use disorders are prevalent in many countries and are associated with significant social and health costs. Little is known, however, about the comparative cost effectiveness of treatments for alcoholism. Pharmacoeconomic evaluations are largely (if not wholly) absent from the alcoholism treatment outcome database. We discuss pharmacological approaches to the treatment of alcohol withdrawal and dependence, describing agents that ameliorate withdrawal symptoms, deter alcohol consumption, reduce alcohol craving and produce conditioned alcohol aversion. Cost-relevant clinical considerations are elucidated and recommendations for cost-conscious pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence are proffered.