Expanding Horizons: Next-Generation and Interdisciplinary Advances in the Applications of Extracellular Vesicles.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as universal mediators of communication in nature across all domains of life and as versatile tools with roles spanning a wide range of industries. Although EVs have been extensively studied in biomedicine, mainly in diagnostic and nanotherapy of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, their potential applications in other impactful society areas are only beginning to be explored. Microbial EVs contribute significantly to biofilm formation, virulence and the transmission of antibiotic resistance, highlighting their importance in pathogenicity and infection control. In the aesthetic and dermatological sectors, EVs are gaining traction as innovative agents for skin regeneration, anti-ageing and inflammation modulation, with applications extending to cosmetic dermatology and non-invasive treatments. Veterinary medicine is also exploring EVs for diagnostics and therapeutic delivery, while in agriculture, they show promise in improving crop resilience, acting as natural biopesticides and supporting plant-microbe interactions. Inter-species and interkingdom EV communication understanding, potentially help pest control and disease prevention. Moreover, EVs are being investigated as biosensors for environmental pollution and as agents in soil and water remediation. In the food industry, EVs are explored for their functional benefits in promoting gut and systemic health. However, to fully realize their potential, challenges in large-scale production, quality control and regulatory approval must be addressed. In this article, innovative solutions and potential of EVs across other health issues, environment, agriculture and biotechnology have been revised and discussed.