One Health Monitoring of Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Aquatic, Poultry, and Human Sources: Virulence Traits and blaSHV Gene Tracking.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen of public health concern. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of P. aeruginosa, some virulence factors, and antimicrobial resistance patterns and highlight the potential pathways of horizontal blaSHV-resistant gene transfer from diverse sources. A total of 220 samples were collected from fish (n = 90), water (n = 30), poultry (n = 50), and humans (n = 50). All samples were isolated, confirmed by the Vitek 2 system, and tested against antimicrobial agents. Some virulence and resistance genes were examined by PCR and sequenced for the blaSHV-resistant gene from four selected isolates from each source. SPSS v26, with chi-squared tests and Pearson correlations (p < 0.05), was implemented for statistical investigation. P. aeruginosa was isolated at 33.3%, 20%, 14%, and 24% from fish, water, poultry, and humans, respectively. Using the diffusion disk method, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were detected. All strains harbored the oprL and toxA genes, while the lasB gene was present in 40% of fish samples but not present in human samples. All strains lacked the exoS gene. The tetA, sul1, blaSHV, and blaTEM resistance genes were detected at different percentages. The blaSHV genes from fish and water isolates were closely related to each other and showed similarity to those of the human isolates. The poultry isolates formed a separate phylogenetic lineage. The emergence of XDR and MDR P. aeruginosa highlights a possible public health threat. Based on the gene similarity between fish and water isolates, our results suggest that these isolates have a common origin. The similarity between the human isolates and environmental isolates (fish and water) raises concerns about possible transmission to humans.