Journal of drugs in dermatology : JDD · 2026
Fundamentals of Hyperpigmentation Disorders: Causes, Concerns, and Treatment Strategies, Particularly in Skin of Color Patients.
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Taylor Susan, Desai Seemal R, Frey Cheri, Elbuluk Nada, Grimes Pearl E, Alexis Andrew
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Pigmentary disorders, including hyperpigmentation, are among the most common dermatologic diagnoses in individuals with skin of color (SOC), particularly individuals with African, Asian, or Hispanic heritage, and often carry a significant quality-of-life burden. Although the evidence base has grown, gaps persist in epidemiology, in pathophysiology-driven treatment selection, and in the appropriate representation of Fitzpatrick skin types III to VI in clinical studies.
METHODS: A comprehensive review of PubMed and Medline-indexed hyperpigmentation literature published between 2000 and 2026 was reviewed, with priority given to randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, large epidemiologic series, and consensus statements.
RESULTS: Our current understanding of hyperpigmentation has extended well beyond melanocyte hyperactivity alone. Across the major hyperpigmentation disorders, visible light acting through opsin-3 (OPN3), inflammatory and hormonal signaling, and, in melasma, basement-membrane disruption with a senescent dermal microenvironment contribute to pigment formation and treatment resistance, findings that highlight the importance of both UV radiation and visible-light photoprotection. Clinical and meta-analytic evidence supports a multimodal therapeutic approach, consistent with recent international consensus recommendations. Quality-of-life impairment is consistent across populations, a pattern that should inform counseling, while commonly used diagnostic tools and machine-learning algorithms continue to underperform in skin of color.
DISCUSSION: Treatment of hyperpigmentation remains a multimodal therapy with the need for routine assessment of patient-reported quality of life impact.
CONCLUSION: Closing the evidence gap for skin of color is the next priority in treatment of hyperpigmentation and will require inclusive trial design, validated diagnostic tools, and standardized outcome measures.  .
METHODS: A comprehensive review of PubMed and Medline-indexed hyperpigmentation literature published between 2000 and 2026 was reviewed, with priority given to randomized controlled trials, meta-analyses, large epidemiologic series, and consensus statements.
RESULTS: Our current understanding of hyperpigmentation has extended well beyond melanocyte hyperactivity alone. Across the major hyperpigmentation disorders, visible light acting through opsin-3 (OPN3), inflammatory and hormonal signaling, and, in melasma, basement-membrane disruption with a senescent dermal microenvironment contribute to pigment formation and treatment resistance, findings that highlight the importance of both UV radiation and visible-light photoprotection. Clinical and meta-analytic evidence supports a multimodal therapeutic approach, consistent with recent international consensus recommendations. Quality-of-life impairment is consistent across populations, a pattern that should inform counseling, while commonly used diagnostic tools and machine-learning algorithms continue to underperform in skin of color.
DISCUSSION: Treatment of hyperpigmentation remains a multimodal therapy with the need for routine assessment of patient-reported quality of life impact.
CONCLUSION: Closing the evidence gap for skin of color is the next priority in treatment of hyperpigmentation and will require inclusive trial design, validated diagnostic tools, and standardized outcome measures.  .