Therapeutic options in the management of intermediate-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers form a heterogeneous group of tumours with varying recurrence and progression rates. Recently low-, intermediate- and high-risk categories, based on tumour stage and grade, have been used to predict prognosis and guide treatment. Whilst the therapeutic options for the low- and high-risk groups are well defined, the optimal treatment for patients in the intermediate-risk group is unknown. We review current treatment options, recent advances and future developments in the treatment of patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.