mRNA vaccines for porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome: A new paradigm in swine health.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus affecting pigs, causes huge economic damage on the scale of billions of dollars to the world's pork industry. First, the virus that causes PRRS is intractable Next, the fundamental paradoxes of conventional vaccine strategies, that is, the trade-off between the live-attenuated, inactivated PRRSV and subunit vaccines didn't end the pathway of those losses in the swine industry. As an innovative solution to solve this disease, this review introduces mRNA vaccine technology. mRNA vaccine has the potential to be highly effective, with minimal risk of mutagenesis. PRRSV mRNA production necessitates the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (UTRs) to increase translation and stability. Substantial amounts of mRNA and proteins are produced from these repaired genes containing the target antigen. In vitro production of self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) has recently been used to produce several vaccines in which lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) contributed to increased stability by shielding the encapsulated mRNA from ribonucleases and promoting the delivery of intact mRNA to the target area. This nanotechnology could be used to vaccinate pigs in the future, as the mRNA vaccine has shown positive results in many animal models, eliciting strong humoral and cellular immune responses. In order to accelerate this paradigm shift in the health management of pigs, it makes strategic recommendations to research, industry, and policy makers, and presents a roadmap for the future of PRRS control.