Pathogenicity and virulence of lumpy skin disease virus: A comprehensive update.

Lumpy skin disease (LSD), which was confined to the Africa for many decades, has expanded its geographical distribution to numerous countries across Asia and Europe in recent years. The LSD virus (LSDV) is a relatively poorly studied virus. Its 151 Kb genome encodes 156 open reading frames (ORF); however, the exact number of the proteins encoded by the viral genome and their specific functions remain largely unknown. Arthropod vectors primarily transmit the LSDV mechanically, but the precise nature of these vectors in different regions and their role in transmission is not fully understood. Homologous live-attenuated vaccines prepared using LSDV have proven to be highly efficacious compared to heterologous vaccines based on sheep pox virus or goatpox virus, in protecting cattle against LSD. This review offers the latest insights into the molecular biology and transmission of LSDV and discusses the safety and efficacy of available vaccines, along with the challenges faced in controlling and eradicating the disease in endemic regions.