Concurrent use of the foot-and-mouth disease and other vaccines in livestock.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a viral infection affecting cloven-hoofed animals, persists as an endemic challenge worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Vaccination is a pivotal strategy for disease control, especially in endemic regions where it may be the sole option. In FMD-free countries, "vaccination to cull" strategies are increasingly considered to prevent disease spread. Concurrently, the coexistence of FMD with other animal diseases in endemic regions raises the prospect of simultaneous or combined administration of multiple vaccines for cost, labor, and animal welfare benefits. We conducted a narrative review to investigate the positive or negative effects of concurrent FMD vaccination with other viral and bacterial vaccines. For this purpose, the literature is organized chronologically. Duplicate sources were eliminated, and older sources without sufficient data were excluded. Studies only those targeting the specific species were included. This comprehensive review synthesizes findings from over 50 years of research, offering insights applicable in the ongoing fight against endemic diseases and inspiring innovative approaches.