Are bone losers distinguishable from bone formers in a skeletal series? Implications for adult age at death assessment methods.

Clinical studies indicate that genetic factors play a crucial role in primary osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. In addition, it has been suggested that these two diseases are inversely related. Within a population, one can find two sub-groups: the "bone formers" and the "bone losers". The changes to the joint surfaces used to assess adult age at death are related to the loss of bone substance and to bone formation (osteophytes). The modification of these indicators with age differs between bone formers and bone losers. Therefore, age-at-death assessment methods should make use of two standards, one for each sub-group. A preliminary study examining the possibility of distinguishing those who lose cortical bone from those who show signs of bony formation was conducted on a series of skeletons from Portugal, dating to the end of 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. Bone loss was evaluated using the cortical index (CI) of the second metacarpal on X-rays. The presence of osteophytes on dry bones was assessed macroscopically. Our study indicates that females' CI decreases with age, whereas the presence of osteophytes is strongly related to age in both sexes. But we have failed to find the inverse relationship between osteophytes and bone loss. Our study, however, shows that within a population, some individuals are not likely to develop osteophytes.