Entropy-Driven, Integrative Bioinformatics Approaches Reveal the Recent Transmission of the Monkeypox Virus from Nigeria to Multiple Non-African Countries.

Monkeypox virus (mpox) has currently affected multiple countries around the globe. This study aims to analyze how the virus spread globally. The study uses entropy-driven bioinformatics in five directions to analyze the 60 full-length complete genomes of mpox. We analyzed the topological entropy distribution of the genomes, principal component analysis (PCA), the dissimilarity matrix, entropy-driven phylogenetics, and genome clustering. The topological entropy distribution showed genome positional entropy. We found five clusters of the mpox genomes through the two PCA, while the three PCA elucidated the clustering events in 3D space. The clustering of genomes was further confirmed through the dissimilarity matrix and phylogenetic analysis which showed the bigger size of Cluster 1 and size similarity between Clusters 2 and 4 as well as Clusters 3 and 5. It corroborated with the phylogenetics of the genomes, where Cluster 1 showed clear segregation from the other four clusters. Finally, the study concluded that the spreading of the mpox is likely to have originated from African countries to the rest of the non-African countries. Overall, the spreading and distribution of the mpox will shed light on its evolution and pathogenicity of the mpox and help to adopt preventive measures to stop the spreading of the virus.